نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 عضو هیئت علمی بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی صفی آباد - دزفول

2 عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم تحقیقات تهران

3 عضو هیات علمی موسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی

چکیده

در مناطق خشک ونیمه خشک که محدودیت منابع آبی وجود دارد، کشاورزان باید شیوه­ای از مدیریت را برگزینند که با آب کمتر محصول بیشتری تولید کنند.  هدف از این مطالعه، کاهش تلفات آب آبیاری و افزایش کارایی مصرف آب (WP) سه هیبرید ذرت بود.  این آزمایش در مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی صفی­آباد طی دو سال زراعی 7-1386 اجرا و در آنتأثیرات متقابل سه رقم تجارتی ذرت شامل هیبریدهای Sc-704، Bc-666 و Ossk-602و سیستم­های مختلف آبیاری سطحی و قطره­ای طی آزمایش کرت­های نواری یک بار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار آزمایش شد.  کرت اصلی آزمایش شش تیمار مدیریت زراعی و آبیاری مشتمل بود بر: (1) کشت روی پشته­های 75 سانتی­متری و آبیاری کامل (تیمار شاهد منطقه)، (2) کشت روی پشته­های 75 سانتی­متری وآبیاری یک در میان متغیر، (3) کشت دو ردیف روی پشته­های 75 سانتی­متری و آبیاری کامل، (4) کشت یک ردیف درون جویچه­های 75 سانتی­متری و با تغییر جوی و پشته­ها در زمان دو تا چهار برگی شدن ذرت، (5) کشت یک ردیف درون جویچه­های 75 سانتی­متری با جوی پشته ثابت تا پایان فصل رشد و (6) کشت روی پشته­های 75 سانتی­متری و آبیاری قطره­ای کامل.  در هر آبیاری حجم آب ورودی و در آبیاری­های سطحی حجم رواناب خروجی اندازه­گیری شد.  پس از رسیدگی فیزیولوژیکی، با اندازه­گیری عملکرد اندام­های هوایی و عملکرد دانه، کارایی مصرف آب گیاه (CWP) و کارایی مصرف آب آبیاری (IWP) هر سه هیبرید ذرت ارزیابی شد.  نتایج نشان داد که تفاوت معنی­داری بین عملکرد هیبریدهای مورد آزمایش وجود ندارد.  در تیمار شاهد، تلفات آب آبیاری غالباً به صورت رواناب سطحی است.  با کاهش 31 درصد از مصرف آب در تیمار 5 تولید دانه ذرت بالاتر از روش رایج (در سطح 5 درصد)، امکان پذیر شد.  در دو سال اجرای آزمایش، کارایی مصرف آب گیاه (CWP) در تیمارهای شش­گانه اختلاف معنی­داری وجود نداشت و متوسط این شاخص 45/1 کیلوگرم به ازای هر متر­مکعب آب مصرفی به دست آمد.  نتایج همچنین نشان داد که با اعمال مدیریت کشت کف جوی می­توان کارایی مصرف آب آبیاری (IWP) را به طور متوسط تا 45 درصد افزایش داد.  استفاده از سامانه آبیاری قطره­ای موجب شد تلفات آب کاهش یابد و در نتیجه کارایی مصرف آب گیاه (CWP) و کارایی مصرف آب آبیاری ذرت (IWP) به یکدیگر نزدیک شوند. 
 

عنوان مقاله [English]

Influence of Planting and Irrigation Management Methods on Maize Water Productivity in a Semiarid Region

چکیده [English]

In arid, semiarid, and Mediterranean climates, particularly in West Asia and North Africa, farmers face limited water resources and must develop irrigation management methods to increase crop production while reducing water use. This study examined methods to reduce irrigation water loss and increase maize water productivity at Safiabad Agricultural Research Center in Dezful, Iran in 2007 and 2008. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with a strip-split plot arrangement of treatments in three replications. Planting and irrigation management methods used were: (T1) planting on 75 cm wide ridges and full irrigation (current method and the control treatment); (T2) planting on 75 cm wide ridges and variable alternate furrow irrigation; (T3) double row planting on 75 cm wide ridges and full irrigation; (T4) single row planting in 75 cm apart furrows and converting furrows to ridges at the 2-4 leaf stage; (T5) single row planting in 75 cm apart furrows keeping fixed furrows and ridges until the end of the growing period and; (T6) planting on 75 cm wide ridges using full drip irrigation. The three maize hybrids studied were Ossk-602, Bc-666 and Sc-704. Grain yield, biomass, irrigation water consumption, crop water productivity, and irrigation water productivity were recorded for evaluation of the planting and irrigation management methods. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in yield among the maize hybrids. In the control treatment, water loss occurred mainly as runoff. Treatment T5 resulted in a 31% decrease in irrigation water and higher grain yield over the control treatment. Mean crop water productivity was 1.45 kg/m3. This study showed that effective surface irrigation management methods and furrow planting increases irrigation water productivity (IWP) 45% over the control treatment.  In addition, drip irrigation increased IWP three fold, approaching CWP for all the studied maize hybrids.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Furrow irrigation
  • Irrigation management
  • Maize
  • Planting pattern
  • Water Productivity
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