Document Type : Research Paper
Abstract
This research designed, constructed and evaluated a map-based variable rate application system for liquid nitrogen fertilizer. Solenoid valves were used to change nozzle flow using pulse-wide modulation technology. A turbine flow sensor and GPS module were used to measure solenoid valve flow and online system coordination, respectively. The graphical user interface software was designed by Visual Basic 6. This program received online coordination from a GPS module, received fertilizer map data, compared online and map coordinates, specified application order, received sensor output and compared it with optimum data and then applied proportional closed-loop control. To evaluate the system, accuracy and time-delay experiments were carried out with 3 replications. The results showed that the average difference between map data and system flow for open and close-loop controllers were 10.0 and 3.6%, respectively. The maximum time delay was 0.54 s. Results also showed that, at 1% probability, no significant difference was observed between the system flow and nitrogen fertilizer map data.
Keywords
Ahmad, S. and Simonovic, S. P. 2000a. Analysis of economic and social impacts of flood management policies using system dynamics. Proceeding of International Conference of Atmospheric, Surface and Subsurface Hydrology and Interactions. Nov. 5-8. American Institute of Hydrology. Research Triangle Park. North Carolina.
Ahmad, S. and Simonovic, S. P. 2000b. System dynamics modeling of reservoir operation for flood management. J. Comput. Civil. Eng. 14(3): 190-198.
Anon. 2007. Modernization Report of Ghazvin Irrigation Network. Pandam Consulting Engineering Co. Tahran. Iran. (in Farsi)
Beall, A., Feidler, F., Boll, J. and Cosens, B. 2011. Sustainable water resource management and participatory system dynamics. Case study: developing the Palouse basin participatory model. Sustainability. 3(5): 720-742.
Burt, C. M. 2011. The Irrigation Sector Shift from Construction to Modernization : What is required for success?. Proceeding of the 21st International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID). Oct. 15-23. Tehran. Iran.
Elmahdi, A., Malano, H. and Etchells, T. 2007. Using system dynamics to model water-reallocation. Evironmentalist. 27(1): 3–12.
Jalali, M. and Afshar, A. 2004. System dynamics simulation of hydroelectiric storage energy. Proceedings of the 1st Conference of Iran Water Resources Management. Tehran University. Nov. 17-18. Tehran. Iran. (in Farsi)
Karimi, M., Heydari, N. and Gomrokchi, U. 2008. Studying problems of Management transfer plan to farmers in Ghazvin irrigation network. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference, Management of Irrigation and Drainage networks. Shahid Chamran University. Jan. 28-30. Ahvaz. Iran. (in Farsi)
Khan, S. 2004. China's Irrigation Development, Rational Allocation of Water Resources and Food Security (Country Policy Support Programee (CPSP)). Chinese National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (CNCID).
Li, L., and Simonovic, S. P. 2002. System dynamics model for predicting floods from snowmelt in North American Prairie watersheds Hydrol. Process. 16, 2645-2666.
Masike, S. 2011. Application of system dynamics approach for water planning and decision making under water scarcity at Jwaneng diamond mine. J. Geogr. Reg. plan. 4(5): 251-260.
Mishra, A., Anand, A., Singh, R. and Raghuwanshi, N. S. 2001. Hydraulic modeling of kangsabati main canal for performance assessment. J. Irrig. Drain. E- ASCE. 127(1): 27-34.
Monem, M. J. and Ghoddusi, H. 2004. Evaluation and improvement of irrigation networks performance with sensitivity analysis in data envelopment analysis. J. Agric. Sci. Nat. Resour. 11(1): 69-77. (in Farsi)
Plusquellec, H. 2002. How Design, Management and Policy Affect the Performance of Irrigation Projects (Emerging Modernization Procedures and Design Standadrds). FAO. Bangkok Regional Office. Bangkok. Thailand.
Sánchez-Román, R. M., Folegatti, M. V., Orellana González, A. M. G. 2010. Water resources assessment at Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí river basins: A dynamic systems approach. J. Water Resour. Manag. 24(4): 761-773.
Saysel, A. K. 2004. System Dynamics Model for Integrated Environmental Assessment of Large-Scale Surface Irrigation. Technical Report 2. The System Dynamics Group, Department of Information Science. University of Bergen. Norway.
Simonovic, S. P., 2002. Global water dynamics: Issues for the 21st century. J. Water Sci. Technol.
45(8): 53-64.
45(8): 53-64.
Sohrab, F. and Abbasi, F. 2009. Evaluating on irrigation efficiency in Iran and show of irrigation efficiency map. Proceeding of the 12th Congress of Iranian National Committee of irrigation and Drainage (ICID). Feb. 24-25. Tehran. Iran. (in Farsi)
Sotudehnia, A., Asgari, M., Kakagi, A. and Sheykh-Hoseini, M. 2006. Transfer Strategies of Irrigation Network's Management to Association (Irrigation Network of Ghazvin). Applied Research Plan. Iran Water Resources Management Company. Tehran. Iran. (in Farsi)
Stave, K. 2003. A system dynamic models to facilitate public understanding of water management options in las Vegas. J. Environ. Manag. 67, 303-313.
Sterman, J. D. 2000. Business Dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Jerrey J. Shelstad Pub.
Vaez-Tehrani, M., Monem, M. J. and Bagheri, A. 2010. System dynamics model to assess irrigation networks. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 11(4): 35-56. (in Farsi)
Vlachos, D., Georgiadis, P. and Iakovou, E. 2007. A System dynamics model for dynamic capacity planning of remanufacturing in closed-loop supply chains. Comput. Oper. Res 34(2): 367-394.
Winz, I., Brierley, G. and Trowsdale, S. 2009. The use of system dynamics simulation in water resources management. Water Resour. Manag. 23(7): 1301-1323.
)