Document Type : Research Paper

Abstract

The sensitivity of plants to salinity varies during growth season. Most plants are resistant at the germination stage, but at the seedling or earlier growth stages become more sensitive to salinity. Their tolerance usually increases with age. The salt tolerance of different plants has been extensively studied; however, the results have either been qualitative or expressed as average values of root zone salinity for the whole growth season. Thus, developing appropriate models for quantitative characterization of plant response to salinity at different growth stages is essential. Consequently, canola, a plant of high economic value, was selected for this study. Three vegetative stages for canola (seedling, rosette, bud) are recognized. A greenhouse study was conducted in a natural saline loamy sand soil, using salinity treatments comprising one
non-saline water (tap water) and eight natural saline waters of 3-17 dS.m-1.Canola plants were irrigated with tap water before the desired stage and then the salinity treatments were applied. Maas and Hoffman (1977), van Genuchten and Hoffman (1984), Dirksen et al., (1993), and Homaee et al., (2002b) models were used to predict relative seedling number and relative transpiration (Ta/Tp). To compare the models and their efficiency, the maximum error, root mean square error, coefficient of determination, modeling efficiency and coefficient of residual Maas were calculated. Results indicate that the Maas and Hoffman (1977) model provides a reasonable prediction at the seedling stage while the Homaee et al. (2002b) model provides better predictions at the rosette and bud growth stages.

Keywords

Azizi, M., Soltani, A. and Khavari Khorasani, S. 1999. Canola; physiology, agronomy and biotechnology. Jihad-e-University pub. Mashhad. Iran. (in Farsi)
Banaee, M., Momeni, H., Bybordi, M. and Malakuti, M. J. 2004. Soils of Iran, New Achievements in Perception, Management and Use. Soil and Water Research Institute. Tehran. Iran. (in Farsi)
Carvajal, M., del Amor, F. M., Fernadez-Ballester, G., Martinez, V. and Cerda, A. 1998. Time course of solute accumulation and water relation in muskmelon plants exposed to salt during different growth stages. Plant Sci. 138, 103-112.
Chartzoulakis, K. and Klapaki, G. 2000. Response of two greenhouse pepper hybrids to NaCl salinity during different growth stages. Scientia Hort. 86, 247-260
Childs, S. W. and Hanks, R. J. 1975. Model of soil salinity effects on crop growth. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Pro. 39, 617-622.
De Wit, C. T. 1958. Transpiration and Crop Yields. Verslagen van Landbouwkundige Onderzoekingen, No. 64.6. Wageningen. The Netherlands.
Dirksen, C. and Augustijn, D. C. 1988. Root Water Uptake Function for Nonuniform Pressure and Osmotic Potential. In: Agronomy Abstract. ASA. Madison, WI.
Dirksen, C., Kool, J. B., Koorevaar, P. and van Genuchetn, M. Th. 1993. HYSWASOR- Simulation Model of Hysteretic Water and Solute Transport in the Root Zone. Russo, D. and Dagan, G. (Eds.). Water Fow and Solute Transport in Soils. Springer Verlage. N. Y.
Feddes, R. A., Kowalik, P. and Zarandy, H. 1978. Simulation of Field Water Use and Crop Yield. Pudoc. Wageningen. The Netherlands.
Francois L. E. 1994. Growth, seed yield, and oil content of canola grown under saline conditions. Agron. J. 86, 233-237.
Francois, L. E. and Bernstein, L. 1964. Salt tolerance of safflower.Agron. J. 56, 38-40.
Hamdy, A., Sardo, V. and Farrag Ghanem, K. A. 2005. Saline water in supplemental irrigation of wheat and barley under rainfed agriculture. Agric. Water Manag. 78, 122-127.
Homaee, M. 2002. Plant response to salinity. Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage. Pub. No. 58. Tehran. Iran.
Homaee, M. and Feddes, R. A. 1999. Water Uptake Under Non-Uniform Transient Salinity and Water Stress. In: Feyen, J. and Wiyo, K. (Eds.). Wageningen Press. Wageningen. The Netherlands.
Homaee, M. and Feddes, R. A. 2001. Quantification of Water Extraction Under Salinity and Drought. In: Horst, W. J. (Eds.). Plant Nutrition-Food Security and Sustainability of Agro-Ecosystems.
Homaee, M. and Feddes, R. A. 2002. Modeling the sink term under variable soil water osmotic and pressure heads. 14th International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources. Delft. The Netherlands.
Homaee, M., Dirksen, C. and Feddes, R. A. 2002a. Simulation of root water uptake. I. Non-uniform transient salinity using different macroscopic reduction functions. Agricultural Water Manag. 57, 89-109.
Homaee, M., Feddes, R. A. and Dirksen, C. 2002b. Simulation of root water uptake. II. Non-uniform transient water stress using different reduction functions. Agricultural Water Manag. 57,111-126.
Homaee, M., Feddes, R. A. and Dirksen, C. 2002c. Simulation of root water uptake. III. non-uniform transient combined salinity and water stress. Agricultural Water Manag. 57,127-144.
Homaee, M., Feddes, R. A. and Dirksen, C. 2002d. A macroscopic water extraction model for non-uniform transient salinity and water stress. J. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 66, 1764-1772.
Kaddah, M. T. and Ghowail, S. I. 1964. Salinity effects on growth of corn at different stage of development. Agron. J. 56, 214-217.
Keshta, M. M., Hammad, M. and Sorour, W. A. I. 1999. Evaluation of rapeseed genotype in saline soil. Proceeding of the 10th International Rapeseed Congress. Canberra. Australia.
Kingsbury, R. W., Epstein, E. and Pearcy, R. W. 1984. Physiological response to salinity in selected lines of wheat. Plant Physiol. 74, 417-423.
Lutts, S., Kinet, J. M. and Bouharmont, J. 1995. Change in plant response to NaCl during development of rice (Oriza sativa L.) varieties differing in salinity resistance. J. Exp. Bot. 46,1843-1852.
Maas, E. V. and Hoffman, G. J., 1977. Crop salt tolerance-current assessment. J. Irrig. Drain. Div. 103, 115-134.
Maas,E. V. Poss J. A. 1989. Salt sensitivity of cowpea at various growth stages. Irrig. Sci. 10, 313-320.
Richards, L. A. 1931. Capillary conduction of liquids in porous mediums. Physics. 1, 318-333.
Saadat, S. 2006. Modeling plants response to salinity under different growth stages. Ph.D. Thesis. Tarbiat Modares University. Tehran. Iran. (in Farsi)
Steppuhn, H. and Wall, K. G. 1997. Grain yields from spring-sown Canadian wheat are grown in saline rooting media. Canadian J. of Plant Sci. 77, 63-68.
Szaboles, I. 1994. Soils and Salinization. In: Pessarakli, M. (Ed.). Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. Marcel Deckker. N. Y.
van Genuchten, M. Th. and Hoffman, G. J. 1984. Analysis of Crop Salt Tolerance Data. In: Shainberg, I. and Shalhevet, J. (Ed.). Soil Salinity Under Irrigation Process and Management. Ecol. Stud. 51. Springer-Verlag. N. Y.
Wilson, C., Lesch, S. M. and Grieve, C. M.  1999. Growth stage modulates salinity tolerance of New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides, Pall.) and Red Orach (Atriplex hortensis L.). Annals of Botany. 85, 501-509.
Zeynali, A., Soltani, A. and Galeshi, S. 2002. Canola germination response to salinity. J. Iranian Agric. Sci. 33, 137-145. (in Farsi)