Authors
1 faculty member
2 Agricultural Engineering Research Department, West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Urmia, Iran
Abstract
Pistachios, valued for both their nutritional and economic importance, hold a prominent position in global food security and international trade. Rich in protein, unsaturated fats, fiber, and antioxidants, this oilseed crop plays a pivotal role in strengthening Iran’s economy. However, contamination with aflatoxins potent toxic and carcinogenic metabolites produced by Aspergillus species, particularly A. flavus and A. parasiticus remains a persistent global challenge, creating serious barriers to the trade of this commodity. Aflatoxin B1 is recognized as the most powerful naturally occurring carcinogen, prompting stringent regulations and widespread public health concerns.in this systematic review, the risk of contamination is examined across all stages of the pistachio supply chain from pre-harvest climatic stresses and pest attacks to post harvest drying and storage practices. Conventional detection methods such as HPLC and LC-MS/MS are evaluated in terms of accuracy, cost, and speed, while rapid screening tools like ELISA and LFA are discussed for their practical applications. Furthermore, advanced biosensors including electrochemical and optical platforms enhanced with aptamers and nanomaterials are introduced as promising solutions for on-site detection.The findings indicate that despite technological advances, challenges such as matrix effects, the need for precise calibration, and maintaining stability under harsh environmental conditions persist. Ultimately, by integrating pest management (IPM), biocontrol using non-toxigenic strains, and combining rapid diagnostic systems with digital monitoring, it is possible to effectively reduce contamination risks in the pistachio supply chain and meet international food safety standards.
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