نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد

2 استادیار گروه مهندسی ماشین‌های کشاورزی دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین

چکیده

خاک‌ورزی و وزن چرخ‌های فشاردهنده با تأثیر بر فشردگی خاک، می توانند نقشی مهم در جوانه‌زنی، سبزشدن و استقرار و رشد گیاه داشته باشند.  بنابراین، خاک‌ورزی صحیح و تعیین وزن مناسب چرخ‌های فشاردهنده ضروری است.  در این تحقیق، اثر روش‌های خاک‌ورزی و وزن چرخ‌های فشاردهنده بر عملکرد گندم دیم در منطقة ایذه در استان خوزستان بررسی شده است.  مقاومت به نفوذ در خاک، سرعت سبزشدن، و اجزای عملکرد اندازه‌گیری شد.  تیمارهای خاک‌ورزی شامل چهار روش خاک‌ورزی متداول منطقه (گاوآهن‌ برگردان‌دار و دیسک)، کم‌خاک‌ورزی (دوبار دیسک)، چیزل و دیسک، و بی‌خاک‌ورزی در نظر گرفته شد و کاشت با خطی‌کار چرخ فشاری دو محوره و مستقل با سه وزن 4، 5 و 8 کیلوگرم بر هر سانتی‌متر از عرض چرخ فشاردهنده انتخاب شد.  آزمایش به‌ صورت اسپلیت فاکتوریل در سه تکرار اجرا شد.  روش خاک‌ورزی دوبار دیسک با تفاوت معنی‌دار در سرعت سبزشدن و عملکرد 7/1961 کیلوگرم در هکتار، مناسب‌ترین روش خاک‌ورزی شناخته شد.  خطی‌کار چرخ فشاری مستقل با افزایش سرعت سبزشدن (54 درصد) و درصد سبزشدن (28 درصد) نسبت به دیگر تیمارها با عملکرد 9/2202 کیلوگرم در هکتار در جایگاه بالاتری قرار گرفت.  وزن 5 کیلوگرم بر هر سانتی‌متر از عرض چرخ فشاردهنده نیز بیشترین تأثیر را بر عملکرد نشان داد.  در نتیجه، ترکیب کم‌خاک‌ورزی (دوبار دیسک) و خطی‌کار چرخ فشاری مستقل با وزن 5 کیلوگرم بر هر سانتی‌متر از عرض چرخ فشاردهنده مناسب‌ترین ترکیب جهت افزایش عملکرد گندم در شرایط دیم منطقه شناخته شدند.

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Tillage Systems and Press Wheel Weights on Dry Land Wheat Grain Yield in Khuzestan Province

چکیده [English]

Tillage and press wheel weight play an important role in seedling emergence, crop establishment and growth. An optimal combination of tillage implements and suitable press wheel weights should increase grain yield. This study investigated the effect of tillage systems and press wheel weights on dry land wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedling emergence and grain yields in Izeh, Khuzestan Province. Cone index and emergence rate were also recorded. A split factorial complete block design was applied with four tillage treatments including no-tillage, conventional tillage (moldboard plow + disk) and reduced tillage (two disk passes, chisel plow + disk). The seeding treatments included independent and two-axle press wheel drill at three levels (4, 5 and 8 kgcm-1) of press wheel width. The results indicated that reduced tillage (two disk passes) produced a higher and faster rate of emergence and the highest grain yield (1961.7 kgha-1). The independent press wheel drill decreased the cone index and increased the seedling (28%) and rate of emergence (54%) more than other treatments. This seeding machine yielded 2202.9 kgha-1 grains with greater 1000 grain weight compared to other planters. The results suggest that reduced tillage (two disk passes) and the independent press wheel drill are more effective than other treatments (p≤0.01) for wheat production under the dry land conditions similar to those of Izeh.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cone index
  • Dry Land Wheat
  • Press Wheel
  • Seeding Machines
  • Tillage
Aiken, R. M., Flerchinger, G. N., Farahani. H. J. and Johnson, K. E. 1997. Energy balance simulation for surface soil and residue temperatures with incomplete cover. Agron. J. 89, 405-416.
Anon. 2002. Pressing advice from the west. Ground Cover. 42. Farning Ahead No. 90.
Asoodar, M. A., Bakhshandeh, A. M., Afraseabi, H. and Shafeinia, A. 2006. Effects of press wheel weight and soil moisture at sowing on grain yield. Agron. J. 4.
Barzegar, A. R., Asoodar, M. A., Eftekhar, A. R. and Herbert, S. J. 2004a. Tillage effects on soil physical properties and performance of irrigated wheat and clover in semi arid region. Agron. J. 3(4): 237-242.
Barzegar, A. R., Hashemi, A. M., Herbert, S. J. and Asoodar, M. A. 2004b. Interactive effects of tillage system and soil water content on aggregate size distribution for seedbed preparation in Fluvisols in southwest Iran. Soil Tillage. Res. 78, 45-52.
Barzegar, A. R., Mosavi, M. H., Asoodar, M. A. and Herbert, S. J. 2004c. Root mass distribution of winter wheat as influenced by different tillage systems in semi arid region. Agron. J. 3(3): 223-228.
Chen, Y., Tessier, S. and Irvin, B. 2004. Drill and crop performances as affected by different drill configuration for no-till seeding. Soil Tillage. Res. 77, 147-155.
Ciha, A. G. 1982. Yield and components of four spring wheat cultivar selection. Agron. J. 78, 795-799.
Eskandari, A. 1997. Correct selection of drill for sowing dryland wheat. Water Soil Machin. J. 42, 27-33. (in Farsi)
Finlay, M. J., Tisdall, J. M. and McKenzie, B. M. 2003. Effect of tillage blow the seed on emergence of wheat seedlings in a hard setting soil. Soil Tillage. Res. 28(3): 213-225.
Frye, W. W., Blevins, R. L. and Smith, M. S. 2003. Cover crops in conservation tillage: benefits and liabilities. Agron. J. 22, 167-171.
Helm, V. 2005. Conservation tillage: corn, grain sorghum, and wheat in Dallas County, Texas. Soil Tillage. Res. 23(5): 356-366.
Hemat, A. 1996. Effects of seedbed preparation and planting methods on emergence of irrigated winter wheat. Iranian J. Agric. Sci. 27(4): 55-68. (in Farsi)
Karayel, D., Barut, Z. B. and Özmerzi, A. 2004. Mathematical modeling of vacuum pressure on a precision seeder. Biosys. Eng. 87(4): 437-444.
Kreuz, E. 1990. The influence of no-plough tillage for winter wheat in a three-course rotation on yield and structure. Archive Fur Acker. 34(9): 635-641.
Lal, R., Mahboubi, A. A. and Fausey, N. R. 1994. Long-term tillage and rotation effects on properties of a central Ohio soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58, 517-522.
Lampurlanes, J. Angas, P. and Martines, C. 2001. Root growth, soil water content and yield of barely under different tillage systems on two soils in semiarid conditions. Field Crops Res. 69, 27-40.
Lapen, D. R., Topp, G. C., Edwards, M. E., Gregorich, E. G. and Curnoe, W. E. 2004. Combination cone penetration resistance/ water content instrumentation to evaluated cone penetration- water content relationships in tillage research. Soil Till. Res. 79: 51-62.
Licht, M. A. and Al-kaisi, M. 2005. Strip- tillage effect on seedbed soil temperature and other soil physical properties. Soil and Till. Res. 80: 233-249.
McMaster, G. S. 1997. Phonology, development, and growth of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L) shoot apex: a review. Adv. Agron. J. 59, 63-118.
McMaster, G. S., Wilhelm, W. W. and Bartling, P. N. S. 1994. Irrigation and culms contribution to yield and yield components of winter wheat. Agron. J. 86, 1123-1127.
McMaster, G. S., Aiken, R. M. and Nielsen, D. C. 2000. Optimizing wheat harvest cutting height for harvest efficiency and soil and water conservation. Agron. J. 92, 1104-1108.
McMaster, G. S., Palic, D. B. and Dunn, G. H. 2002. Soil management alters seedling emergence and subsequent autumn growth and yield in dry land winter wheat-fallow systems in the central Great Plains on a clay loam soil. Soil and Till. Res. 65: 193-206.
Naser, H. M. and Selles, F. 1995. Seedling emergence as influenced by aggregate size, bulk density, and penetration resistance of the seedbed. Soil Till. Res. 34, 61-76.
Nidal, H. and Hamdeh, A. 2003. Soil compaction and root distribution for okra as affected by tillage and vehicle parameters. Soil Till. Res. 74, 25-35.
Özmerzi, A., Karayel, D. and Topakci, M. 2002. Effect of sowing depth on precision seeder uniformity. Biosys. Eng. 82(2): 227-230.
Radford, B. J. 1996. Effect of pres wheel and depth of semi dwarf and tall wheat's. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 26(6): 697-702.
Radford, B. J. and Nielsen, R. G. H. 1988. Soil compaction above the seed at sowing to increase crop establishment. Queensland. J. Agric. 45(2): 105-113.
Rainbow, R. 1994. Press wheels improve production. Farming Ahead. 28.
Rainbow, R. W. and Yeatman, T. 1994. Improving the seeding system in proceeding of national workshop on narrow sowing points in university of South Australia. Cooperative Research Center for Soil and Land Management. 33-36.
Rainbow, R. W. and Dare, M. W. 1997. Summary of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer placement research 1993-1995 in farming systems developments in Adelaide. Cooperative Research Center for Soil and Land Management. 128-129.
Rainbow, R. W., Slattery, M. G. and Norris, C. P. 1992. Effects of seeder design specification on emergence and early growth of wheat. Agron. J. 5, 13-20.
Tessier, S., Saxton, K. E. and Papendick, R. I. 2003. Furrow opener and press wheel effects on seed environment and wheat emergence. Soil Till. Res. 39(7): 547-559.
Tessier, S., Saxton, K. E., Papendick, R. I. and Hyde, G. M. 1991. Zero-tillage furrow opener effects on seed environment and wheat emergence. Soil Till. Res. 21, 347-360.
Vamerali, T., Bertocco, M. and Sartori, L. 2006. Effects of new wide-sweep opener for no-till planter on seed zone properties and root establishment in maize: A comparison with double-disk opener. Soil Till. Res. 89, 196-209.