نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و صنایع غذایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه علوم و صنایع غذایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ایران

3 بخش تحقیقات فرآوری تولیدات دامی، موسسه تحقیقات علوم دامی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

10.22092/fooder.2025.368486.1414

چکیده

یکی از تاثیرگذارترین عوامل بر کیفیت و ماندگاری ژلاتین فرایند خشک کردن است. این مطالعه به بررسی آثار روش­های مختلف خشک کردن بر بازده استخراج، استحکام ژل، الگوی پروتئینی، ویژگی های ساختاری، رنگ، کدورت، ویسکوزیته و خصوصیات حرارتی ژلاتین پای مرغ پرداخت. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین مقدار بازده مربوط به خشک کردن آون هوای داغ C°70 (8.60 درصد) و کمترین آن برای نمونه خشک شده در روش پاششی C°140 (5 درصد) بدست آمد. نمونه ­های ژلاتین روش خشک کردن انجمادی (g262.50 ) و ژلاتین آون هوای داغ C°50 ( g260.50) بیشترین استحکام ژل را داشتند. تجزیه و تحلیل کالریمتری روبشی تفاضلی نشان داد دمای ذوب ژلاتین بدست آمده از روش خشک کردن انجمادی (C° 72.2) بالاتر از سایر روش­ها بود. بیشترین مقدار کدورت برای خشک کردن پاششی در دمای 120 و 140درجه سلسیوس بدست آمد. خشک کردن پاششی در دمای 120 درجه سلسیوس دارای بیشترین مقدار فاکتور *L بود. آون هوای داغ با دمای 60 درجه سلسیوس، کمترین فاکتور* a را داشت. بیشترین مقدار ویسکوزیته مربوط به خشک کردن پاششی در دمای C°120 (cP 8.79) بود. همه نمونه ­های ژلاتین طیف مشابهی با نوارهای جذبی واقع در مناطق آمیدی در طیف سنجی مادون قرمز تبدیل فوریه داشتند. پروتئین­ هایی با وزن­ های مولکولی مختلف در بررسی SDS-PAGE، تقریبا در تمامی نمونه­ های ژلاتین مشاهده شد، اما در ژلاتین حاصل از خشک کردن انجمادی، کمترین تخریب زنجیره­ های پروتئینی  α و β  روی داد. براساس نتایج این مطالعه، خشک کردن انجمادی را می­توان به صورت نسبی، بهترین روش برای خشک کردن ژلاتین پای مرغ معرفی کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of drying methods on the structural, physical and thermal properties of chicken foot gelatin

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sima Nematzade 1
  • Reza Farahmandfar 2
  • Reza Esmaeilzadeh kenari 1
  • Jamshid Farmani 1
  • Maryam Asnaashari 3

1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Food Science and Technology, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran

3 Department of Animal Processing, Animal Science Research Institute of Iran (ASRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

چکیده [English]

The drying process is a crucial factor affecting the quality and shelf life of gelatin. This research explored how various drying techniques influence extraction yield, gel strength, protein pattern, structural features, color, turbidity, viscosity, and thermal properties of gelatin sourced from chicken feet. The findings revealed that hot air oven drying at 70°C produced the highest yield (8.60%), while spray drying at 140°C resulted in the lowest yield (5%). Both freeze-dried (262.50 g) and hot air oven-dried samples (260.50 g) exhibited the greatest gel strength. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the melting temperature of gelatin from freeze drying (72.2°C) was higher than that from other methods. The highest turbidity levels were recorded for spray drying at both 120°C and 140°C, with the highest L* value also seen at 120°C. The lowest a* value was found in samples dried at 60°C using a hot air oven. The highest viscosity measurement was associated with spray drying at 120°C (8.79 cP). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that all gelatin samples had similar spectral features, with absorption bands in the amide regions. Proteins with different molecular weights were observed in almost all gelatin samples in SDS-PAGE analysis, but the least destruction of α and β protein chains occurred in gelatin obtained by freeze drying. Overall, the study suggests that freeze drying is the most effective method for drying gelatin from chicken feet.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Gel strength
  • Acid extraction
  • Proteins
  • Spray dryer
  • Freeze dryer
Boran, G., Mulvaney, S. J., and Regenstein, J. M. 2010. Rheological properties of gelatin from Silver Carp skin compared to commercially available gelatins from different sources. J. Food Sci. 75(8): E565-E571.
Chakka, A. K., Muhammed, A., Sakhare, P. Z., and Bhaskar, N. 2017. Poultry processing waste as an alternative source for mammalian gelatin: Extraction and characterization of gelatin from chicken feet using food grade acids. Waste Biomass Valori. 8(8): 2583-2593.
Dehnad, D., Jafari, S. M., and Afrasiabi, M. 2016. Influence of drying on functional properties of food biopolymers: From traditional to novel dehydration techniques. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 57, 116-131.
Farahmandfar, R., Mohseni, M., and Asnaashari, M. 2017. Effects of quince seed, almond, and tragacanth gum coating on the banana slices properties during the process of hot air drying. Food Sci. Nutr. 5(6): 1057-1064.
Farahmandfar, R., Asnaashari, M., Amraie, M., and Salehi, M. 2019. Color and weight changes of fresh-cut banana slices coated by quince seed gum: Effect of concentration, storage temperature and duration. Iranian Food Sci. Technol. Res. J. 14(6): 75-85.
Fernandez-Dıaz, M. D., Montero, P., and Gomez-Guillen, M. C. 2001. Gel properties of collagens from skins of cod (Gadus morhua) and hake (Merluccius merluccius) and their modification by the coenhancers magnesium sulphate, glycerol and transglutaminase. Food Chem. 74(2): 161-167.
Gómez-Guillén, M. C., Turnay, J., Fernández-Dıaz, M. D., Ulmo, N., Lizarbe, M. A., and Montero, P. 2002. Structural and physical properties of gelatin extracted from different marine species: a comparative study. Food Hydrocoll. 16(1): 25-34.
Hashim, D. M., Man, Y. C., Norakasha, R., Shuhaimi, M., Salmah, Y., and Syahariza, Z. A. 2010. Potential use of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for differentiation of bovine and porcine gelatins. Food Chem. 118(3): 856-860.
Hamzeh, A., Benjakul, S., Sae-Leaw, T., and Sinthusamran, S. 2018. Effect of drying methods on gelatin from splendid squid (Loligo formosana) skins. Food Biosci. 26, 96-103.
Huang, T., Tu, Z. C., Wang, H., Shangguan, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, N. H., and Bansal, N. 2017. Pectin and enzyme complex modified fish scales gelatin: Rheological behavior, gel properties and nanostructure. Carbohydr. Polym. 156, 294-302.
Kanwate, B. W., Ballari, R. V., and Kudre, T. G. 2019. Influence of spray-drying, freeze-drying and vacuum-drying on physicochemical and functional properties of gelatin from Labeo Rohita swim bladder. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 121, 135-141.
Karim, A. A., and Bhat, R. 2009. Fish gelatin: properties, challenges, and prospects as an alternative to mammalian gelatins. Food hydrocoll. 23(3): 563-576.
Khiari, Z., Rico, D., Martin-Diana, A. B., and Barry-Ryan, C. 2017. Valorization of fish by-products: rheological, textural and microstructural properties of mackerel skin gelatins. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag. 19(1): 180-191.
Kwat, K. S., Cho, S. M., Ji, C. I., Lee, Y. B., and Kim, S. B. 2009. Changes in functional properties of shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) Cartilage gelatin produced by different drying methods. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 44(8): 1480-1484.
Lin, L., Regenstein, J. M., Lv, S., Lu, J., and Jiang, S. 2017. An overview of gelatin derived from aquatic animals: Properties and modification. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 68, 102-112.
Mad-Ali, S., Benjakul, S., Prodpran, T., and Maqsood, S. 2016. Interfacial properties of gelatin from goat skin as influenced by drying methods. LWT. 73, 102-107.
Mirzapour‐Kouhdasht, A., Sabzipour, F., Taghizadeh, M. S., and Moosavi‐Nasab, M. 2019. Physicochemical, rheological, and molecular characterization of colloidal gelatin produced from Common Carp by‐products using microwave and ultrasound‐assisted extraction. J. Texture Stud. 50(5): 416-425.
Mohtar, N. F., Perera, C., & Quek, S. Y. 2010. Optimisation of gelatine extraction from hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) skins and measurement of gel strength and SDS–PAGE. Food Chem. 122(1): 307-313.
Nagarajan, M., Benjakul, S., Prodpran, T., Songtipya, P., and Kishimura, H. 2012. Characteristics and functional properties of gelatin from Splendid Squid (Loligo Formosana) skin as affected by extraction temperatures. Food hydrocoll. 29(2): 389-397.
Nurilmala, M., Suryamarevita, H., Hizbullah, H. H., Jacoeb, A. M., and Ochiai, Y. 2022. Fish skin as a biomaterial for halal collagen and gelatin. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 29(2): 1100-1110.
Nurafifah, F., Chuah, A. L., and Wahida, M. P. F. 2018. Drying of Plectranthus amboinicus (lour) spreng leaves by using oven dryer. Eng. Agric. Environ. Food. 11(4): 239-244.
Park, J. H., Choe, J. H., Kim, H. W., Hwang, K. E., Song, D. H., Yeo, E. J., Kim, H.Y., Choi, Y.S., Lee, S.H. and Kim, C. J. 2013. Effects of various extraction methods on quality characteristics of duck feet gelatin. Food Sci. Anim. Resour. 33(2): 162-169.
Rasli, H. I., and Sarbon, N. M. 2015. Effects of different drying methods on the rheological, functional and structural properties of chicken skin gelatin compared to bovine gelatin. Int. Food Res. J. 22(2): 584-592.
Sabzi, F., Varidi, M. J., Varidi, M., and Asnaashari, M. 2024. Effect of verjuice (Vitis vinifera L.) on physicochemical and textural properties of beef M. biceps femoris. Food Sci. Nutr. 12(8): 5497-5517.
Sae-Leaw, T., and Benjakul, S. 2015. Physico-chemical properties and fishy odour of gelatin from seabass (Lates calcarifer) skin stored in ice. Food Biosci.10, 59-68.
Salem, A., Fakhfakh, N., Jridi, M., Abdelhedi, O., Nasri, M., Debeaufort, F., and Zouari, N. 2020. Microstructure and characteristic properties of Dogfish skin gelatin gels prepared by freeze/spray-drying methods. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 162, 1-10.
Sinthusamran, S., Benjakul, S., and Kishimura, H. 2014. Characteristics and gel properties of gelatin from skin of seabass (Lates calcarifer) as influenced by extraction conditions. Food Chem. 152, 276-284.
Uriarte-Montoya, M. H., Santacruz-Ortega, H., Cinco-Moroyoqui, F. J., Rouzaud-Sández, O., Plascencia-Jatomea, M., and Ezquerra-Brauer, J. M. 2011. Giant squid skin gelatin: Chemical composition and biophysical characterization. Food Res. Int. 44(10): 3243-3249.
Wang, T. Y., Hsieh, C. H., Hung, C. C., Jao, C. L., Chen, M. C., and Hsu, K. C. 2015. Fish skin gelatin hydrolysates as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 stimulators improve glycaemic control in diabetic rats: A comparison between warm-and cold-water fish. J. Funct. Foods. 19, 330-340.