نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

گروه مهندسی علوم و صنایع غذایی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد رودهن، تهران، ایران

10.22092/fooder.2026.374043.1477

چکیده

رنگدانه‌های طبیعی آزافیلونی گونه‌های Monascus  به دلیل ویژگی‌های زیستی و قابلیت رنگ‌دهی، جایگزینی ایده‌آل برای رنگ‌های سنتزی در صنایع غذایی، دارویی و آرایشی هستند. این پژوهش با هدف تولید رنگدانه‌های آزافیلونیMonascus  purpureus با استفاده از ضایعات کشاورزی–صنعتی، کاهش سیترینین و ارزیابی ویژگی‌های زیستی رنگدانه به‌ انجام رسید. تولید رنگدانه در تخمیر غوطه‌ور (SmF) و حالت جامد (SSF) با بهره‌گیری از سبوس برنج، پودر ذرت، کنجالۀ سویا و ملاس به‌عنوان منابع اصلی کربن و نیتروژن بررسی گردید. دما، pH  و هوادهی برای دستیابی به حداکثر بازدهی رنگی و خالص‌سازی اولیۀ عصاره‌ها ارزیابی شد. تولید رنگدانه در SmF بین 38.5 تا 76.15 واحد جذب بر میلی‌لیتر و در  SSF بین 185 تا 330 واحد جذب بر گرم متغیر بود. زیست‌توده در SmF برابر 6.1 تا g/L 12.1 و در SSF برابر 14.6 تا 31.8 گرم بر 100 گرم اندازه‌گیری شد. سیترینین در SmF و SSF به‌ترتیب در محدوده 10.2 تا 24.5 میلی­گرم بر لیتر و 6.1 تا  13.5 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم و نسبت رنگدانه به سیترینین در SSF به‌طور معنی‌داری بیشتر بود تا در SmF. تیمار S6 شامل سبوس برنج، پودر ذرت، کنجالۀ سویا و ملاس ( به ­ترتیب 50، 30، 15 و 5 درصد) به‌عنوان تیمار بهینه انتخاب شد. رنگدانۀ خالص‌شده فعالیت ضدمیکروبی مطلوبی علیه Staphylococcus aureus، آنتی‌اکسیدانی قابل‌توجه (0.42IC50= میلی­گرم بر میلی­لیتر) و اثر ضدتکثیری بر Caco-2 (145.51 IC50 = میکروگرم بر میلی­لیتر) نشان داد. یافته­ ها نشان دادند تخمیر حالت جامد از ضایعات کشاورزی-صنعتی، روشی کارآمد برای تولید رنگدانه‌های طبیعی Monascus  است که ظرفیت بالایی برای تجاری‌سازی در صنایع غذایی، داروسازی و زیست‌فناوری دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Optimization of Monascus culture medium using agro-industrial by-products for maximizing azaphilone pigment production with minimal citrinin formation

نویسنده [English]

  • Marjan Nouri

Department of Food Science and Technology Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen Branch, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Natural pigments of the azaphilone family produced by species of Monascus are considered ideal alternatives to synthetic colorants in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries due to their biological properties and coloring capabilities. This study aimed to produce azaphilone pigments from Monascus purpureus using agricultural and industrial wastes, reduce citrinin production, and evaluate the pigment biological properties. Pigment production was investigated under submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) using rice bran, corn powder, soybean meal, and molasses as the main carbon and nitrogen sources. Temperature, pH, and aeration were evaluated to achieve maximum pigment yield, and preliminary purification of the extracts was performed. Pigment production in SmF ranged from 38.5 to 76.15 AU/mL, whereas for SSF was 185 to 330 AU/g. Biomass production in SmF ranged from 1.6 to 12 g/L, while SSF was 14.6 to 31.8 g/100 g. Citrinin concentrations in SmF and SSF ranged from 10.2 to 24.5 mg/L and 6.1 to 13.5 mg/kg, respectively. The pigment-to-citrinin ratio was significantly higher in SSF than in SmF. S6, consisting of rice bran, corn powder, soybean meal, and molasses at 50%, 30%, 15%, and 5%, respectively, was selected as the optimum treatment. The purified pigment exhibited desirable antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, significant antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.42 mg/mL), and an antiproliferative effect against Caco-2 cells (IC50 = 145.51 µg/mL). The results demonstrated that solid-state fermentation using agricultural and industrial wastes is an efficient approach for the production of natural Monascus pigments and has considerable commercialization in the food, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology industries.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Solid-state fermentation
  • Citrinin
  • By-products
  • Antioxidant activity
  • Antimicrobial activity
Chaudhary, V. Katyal, P. Poonia, A. K. Kaur, J. Puniya, A. K. and Panwar, H. 2022. Natural pigment from Monascus : The production and therapeutic significance. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 133(1), 18–38. https://doi.org/10.3390/10.1111/jam.15308
Chen, D. Xu, Y. Li, H. and Zhu, X. 2025. Optimization of Monascus  purpureus culture conditions in rice bran for enhanced Monascus  pigment biosynthesis. Fermentation, 11(9), 505. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11090505
Chen, X. Yan, J. Chen, J. Gui, R. Wu, Y. and Li, N. 2021. Potato pomace: An efficient resource for Monascus  pigments production through solid-state fermentation. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 132(2), 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.03.007
De Almeida, A. B. Santos, N. H. De Lima, T. M. Santana, R. V. De Oliveira Filho, J. G. Peres, D. S. and Egea, M. B. 2021. Pigment bioproduction by Monascus  purpureus using corn bran, a byproduct of the corn industry. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 32, 101931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101931
Feng, L. Li, Y. Sun, G. and Zhao, X. 2019. Antibacterial effect of orange Monascus  pigment against Staphylococcus aureus. Acta Alimentaria, 48(2), 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1556/066.2019.48.2.4
Gong, P. Shi, R. Liu, Y. Luo, Q. Wang, C. and Chen, W. 2023. Recent advances in Monascus  pigments produced by Monascus  purpureus: Biosynthesis, fermentation, function, and application. LWT, 185, 115162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2023.115162
Hosseini, M. and Karamali, S. 2026. Investigation of physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of edible film based on whey protein-gelatin containing coriander extract. Food Engineering Research, 24(2), 67-82. https://doi.org/10.22092/fooder.2026.369298.1421
Hsu, L. C. Hsu, Y. W. Liang, Y. H. Kuo, Y. H. and Pan, T. M. 2011. Anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties of ankaflavin and monaphilone A from Monascus  purpureus NTU 568. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(4), 1124–1130. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf103652n
Huang, Y. Chen, J. Chen, Q. and Yang, C. 2023. Effects of main nutrient sources on improving Monascus  pigments and saccharifying power of Monascus  purpureus in submerged fermentation. Fermentation, 9(7), 696-710. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9070696
Kaur, M. Goel, M. Mishra, R. C. Lahane, V. Yadav, A. K. and Barrow, C. J. 2023. Characterization of the red biochromes produced by the endophytic fungus Monascus  purpureus CPEF02 with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Fermentation, 9(4), 328-350. https://doi.org/10.1018/2023.101201
Keivani, H. and Jahadi, M. 2022. Solid-state fermentation for the production of Monascus  pigments from soybean meals. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 46, 102531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102531
Lin, T. S. Chiu, S. H. Chen, C. C. and Lin, C. H. 2023. Investigation of monacolin K, yellow pigments, and citrinin production capabilities of Monascus  purpureus and Monascus  ruber (Monascus  pilosus). Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 31(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.3438
Liu, J. Luo, Y. Guo, T. Tang, C. Chai, X. Zhao, W. Bai, J. and Lin, Q. 2020. Cost-effective pigment production by Monascus  purpureus using rice straw hydrolysate as substrate in submerged fermentation. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 129(2), 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.08.007
Marič, A. Skočaj, M. Likar, M. Sepčić, K. Cigić, I. K. Grundner, M. and Gregori, A. 2019. Comparison of lovastatin, citrinin and pigment production of different Monascus  purpureus strains grown on rice and millet. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56, 3364–3373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03820-8
Mou, L. Pan, R. Jiang, W. Zhang, W. Xin, F. Jiang, Y. and Jiang, M. 2023. Strategies on improvement of pigment formation and reduction of citrinin in Monascus  fermentation. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 17(1), 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2437
Mukherjee, G. and Singh, S. K. 2011. Purification and characterization of a new red pigment from Monascus  purpureus in submerged fermentation. Process Biochemistry, 46(1), 188–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROCBIO.2010.08.006
Srianta, I. Zubaidah, E. Estiasih, T. and Yamada, M. 2016. Comparison of Monascus  purpureus growth, pigment production and composition on different cereal substrates with solid state fermentation. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 7, 181–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2016.05.011
Tabrizi, N. and Zomorodi, S. 2026. Beyond Surface sterilization: shaping the future of stone fruit preservation with cold plasma through deciphering its interactions with fruit physiology. Food Engineering Research, 25(1), 63-82. https://doi.org/10.22092/fooder.2026.370471.1430
Wang, Y. Gao, H. Xie, J. Li, X. and Huang, Z. 2020. Effects of some flavonoids on the mycotoxin citrinin reduction by Monascus  aurantiacus Li AS3. 4384 during liquid-state fermentation. Amb Express, 10(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.045
Xie, L. Huang, Z. Meng, H. Shi, X. and Xie, J. 2022. Immunomodulation effect of polysaccharides from liquid fermentation of Monascus  purpureus 40269 via membrane TLR-4 to activate the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 201, 480–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.045
Xiong, X. Zhen, Z. Liu, Y. Gao, M. Wang, S. Li, L. and Zhang, J. 2020. Low‐frequency magnetic field of appropriate strengths changed secondary metabolite production and Na+ concentration of intracellular and extracellular Monascus  purpureus. Bioelectromagnetics, 41(4), 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.22262
Yudiarti, T. Sugiharto, S. Isroli, I. Widiastuti, E. Wahyuni, H. I. and Sartono, T. A. 2019. Effect of fermentation using Chrysonillia crassa and Monascus  purpureus on nutritional quality, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of used rice as a poultry feed ingredient. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 6(2), 168-180. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2019.f328
Zhang, C. Sun, Q. Yang, L. Ablimit, A. Dong, H. Wang, H. Wang, C. and Wang, C. 2024. Mutation breeding of Monascus  to produce a high yield of orange pigment and low citrinin content using the artp method. Journal of Fungi, 10(8), 553-570. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080553